{"id":5268,"date":"2021-04-07T11:43:20","date_gmt":"2021-04-07T09:43:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/?p=5268"},"modified":"2021-04-15T08:32:33","modified_gmt":"2021-04-15T06:32:33","slug":"last-glacial-maximum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/last-glacial-maximum\/","title":{"rendered":"Last Glacial Maximum"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"5268\" class=\"elementor elementor-5268\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b35c2ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b35c2ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5fc62c\" data-id=\"f5fc62c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af0e31f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"af0e31f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Map Last Glacial Maximum\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Map Last Glacial Maximum\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTI3NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3pic2EuZXVcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjFcLzA0XC9lcGhhX2xnbV91dG1fdjEweC1zY2FsZWQuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1024x711.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5277\" alt=\"Map Last Glacial Maximum\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1024x711.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-768x533.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1536x1066.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-2048x1422.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1140x791.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8793c38\" data-id=\"8793c38\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e11136 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7e11136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Sources Last Glacial Maximum\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Sources Last Glacial Maximum\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6NTI3OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3pic2EuZXVcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjFcLzA0XC9lcGhhX2xnbV92MTB4X3NvdXJjZXNfbWFwLXNjYWxlZC5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-1024x724.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5278\" alt=\"Sources Last Glacial Maximum\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-768x543.jpg 768w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-1536x1086.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-2048x1448.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-1140x806.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-230b3ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"230b3ff\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eda3b04\" data-id=\"eda3b04\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-076b699 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"076b699\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Version 1.0.1<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-760d64b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"760d64b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c2a9279\" data-id=\"c2a9279\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02fc741 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"02fc741\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Files<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3131\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPHA_LGM_v101.zip\">Last Glacial Maximum version 1.0.1<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Citation<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3132\"><p>Please cite this map as &#8222;compiled by ZBSA after Bouncristiani \/Campy 2004; Calvet et al. 2011; Caulle et al. 2013; Clark et al. 2004; Gibbard\/Clark 2011; Gobejishvili et al. 2011; Harff et al. 2017; Hughes et al. 2016; Lambeck\/Purcell 2005; Larsen et al. 2013; Lericolais 2017; Matoshko 2011; Rinterknecht et al. 2018; Seguinot et al. 2018; Sejrup et al. 2016; Urdea et al. 2011; Westley\/Edwards 2017; Zasadni\/K\u0142apyta 2014&#8220;<\/p><p>For full references see below.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3133\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3133\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Timeslice<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3133\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3133\"><p>The map is approximately representing the timeslice:<\/p><div class=\"wp-block\" data-align=\"left\"><figure id=\"block-c5a791c7-6678-425e-b68a-029cde18cb41\" class=\"wp-block-table block-editor-block-list__block\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Block: Tabelle\" data-block=\"c5a791c7-6678-425e-b68a-029cde18cb41\" data-type=\"core\/table\" data-title=\"Tabelle\"><table><tbody><tr><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\"><strong>chronological frame<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\"><strong>timeslice<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">Greenlandic isotope chronology<\/td><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">GS-3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">years calibrated BC<\/td><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">25500\u201317500<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">year calibrated BP<\/td><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">26500\u201319500<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\"><sup>14<\/sup>C years BP<\/td><td class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable wp-block-table__cell-content rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">22000\u201316190<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><\/tfoot><\/table><figcaption class=\"block-editor-rich-text__editable rich-text\" role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Tabellen-Beschriftungs-Text\"><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"block-list-appender wp-block\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3134\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3134\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Release notes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3134\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3134\"><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/<\/a><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-5345\" src=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/zbsa-300x106.png\" alt=\"CCBY \" width=\"200\" height=\"71\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/zbsa-300x106.png 300w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/zbsa-1024x361.png 1024w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/zbsa-768x271.png 768w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/zbsa-1536x541.png 1536w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/zbsa-16x6.png 16w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/zbsa-1140x402.png 1140w, https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/zbsa.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3135\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3135\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Content<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3135\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3135\"><p>The archive contains different files. A processed high resolution Geotiff in UTM 33N (1200 dpi), a processed JPG in UTM 33N (300 dpi), the raw Geotiff in WGS84, the used Source SHP File with their secondary files, the \u201csources map\u201d PDF and the release notes PDF.<\/p><p>The processed UTM 33N Geotiff and JPG are designed for simple and direct usage, while the raw WGS84 Geotiff is for work in different map projections. The original SHP-Files are for work with alternative colour ramps or detailed insight on the used sources and specific reasons for interpolation.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3136\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3136\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Basic Information<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3136\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3136\"><p>This is map version 1.0. The map extent is defined from 12\u00b0W to 44\u00b0E and 43\u00b0N to 72\u00b0N. All Data were digitalised from different sources (See sources map) which are listed further down on this site.<\/p><p>The modern coastline is derived from Natural Earth (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com<\/a>), large lakes were added from the \u201cWISE Large rivers and large lakes\u201d dataset provided by the European Environment Agency (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/wise-large-rivers-and-large-lakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/wise-large-rivers-and-large-lakes<\/a>). Finally, the shaded elevation is calculated on the \u201cGEBCO One Minute Grid\u201d from the \u201cGEBCO Gridded bathymetric Data\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gebco.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.gebco.net\/<\/a>).<\/p><p>The maps were produced with QGIS 3.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3137\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3137\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Source notes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3137\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3137\"><ul><li>Reconstructed Landmasses from Harff et al. 2017 north of the BIIS\/FIS was removed.<\/li><li>Sea level for the Black Sea was set to -120 m a.s.l. based on sea level curve from Lericolais 2017<\/li><li>Minor adjustments were made to smoothen the coastline<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3138\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3138\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Version history<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3138\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3138\"><table><tbody><tr><td role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">09-08-2019<\/td><td role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">release of version 1.0.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">13-06-2019<\/td><td role=\"textbox\" aria-multiline=\"true\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">1st release of the map<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><tfoot><\/tfoot><\/table><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3139\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3139\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Changes to previous version<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3139\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3139\"><ul><li>Corrected spelling (\u201cice sheet\u201d instead of \u201cice shield\u201d) in release notes and shape files<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-31310\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-31310\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-31310\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-31310\"><p>Bouncristiani, J.-F., Campy, M. 2004: Palaeogeography of the last two glacial episodes in the Massif Central, France. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology: Elsevier, 111-112<\/p><p>Calvet, M., Delmas, M., Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R., Bourl\u00e8s, D. 2011: Recent Advances in Research on Quaternary Glaciations in the Pyrenees. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 127-139<\/p><p>Caulle, C., Penaud, A., Eynaud, F., Zaragosi, S., Roche, D. M., Michel, E., Boulay, S., Richter, T. 2013: Sea-surface hydrographical conditions off South Faeroes and within the North-Eastern North Atlantic through MIS 2: the response of dinocysts. Journal of Quaternary Science 28(3), 217-228<\/p><p>Clark, C. D., Evans, D. J. A., Khatwa, A., Bradwell, T., Jordan, C. J., Marsh, S. H., Mitchell, W. A., Bateman, M. D. 2004: Map and GIS database of glacial landforms and features related to the last British Ice Sheet. Boreas, 33(4), 359-375<\/p><p>Gibbard, P. L., Clark, C. D. 2011: Pleistocene Glaciation Limits in Great Britain. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 75-93<\/p><p>Gobejishvili, R., Lomidze, N., Tielidze, L. 2011: Late Pleistocene (W\u00fcrmian) Glaciations of the Caucasus. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 141-147<\/p><p>Harff, J., Flemming, N. C., Groh, A., H\u00fcnicke, B., Lericolais, G., Meschede, M., Rosentau, A., Sakellariou, D., U\u015bcinowicz, S., Zhang, W. and Zorita, E. 2017: Sea Level and Climate. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 11-49<\/p><p>Hughes, A. L. C., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, \u00d8. S., Mangerud, J., Svendsen, J. I. 2016: The last Eurasian ice sheets \u2013 a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas, 45, 1-45<\/p><p>Lambeck, K., Purcell, A. 2005: Sea-level change in the Mediterranean Sea since the LGM: model predictions for tectonically stable areas, Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1969-1988<\/p><p>Larsen, E., Fredin, O., Jensen, M., Kuznetsov, D., Lys\u00e5, Subetto, D. 2013: Subglacial sediment, proglacial lake-level and topographic controls on ice extent and lobe geometries during the Last Glacial Maximum in NW Russia. Quaternary Science Reviews 92, 369-384<\/p><p>Lericolais, G. 2017: Late Pleistocene Environmental Factors defining the Black Sea, and Submerged Landscapes on the Western Continental Shelf. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 479-495<\/p><p>Matoshko, A. V. 2011: Limits of the Pleistocene Glaciations in the Ukraine: A Closer Look. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 405-418<\/p><p>Rinterknecht, V., Hang, T., Gorlach, A., Kohv, M., Kalla, K., Kalm, V., Subetto, D., Bourl\u00e8s, D., L\u00e9anni, L., Guillou, V., ASTER Team 2018: The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be, Quaternary Science Reviews, 200, 106-113<\/p><p>Seguinot, J., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jouvet, G., Huss, M., Funk, M., Preusser, F., 2018: Modelling last glacial cycle ice dynamics in the Alps. The Cryosphere, 12, 3265-3285<\/p><p>Sejrup, H. P., Clark, C. D., Hjelstuen B. O. 2016: Rapid ice sheet retreat triggered by ice stream debuttressing: Evidence from the North Sea. Geology, 44 (5), 355-358<\/p><p>Ureda, P., Onaca, A., Ardelean, F., Ardelean, M. 2011: New Evidence on the Quaternary Glaciation in the Romanian Carpathians. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 305-322<\/p><p>Westley, K., Edwards, R. 2017: Irish Sea and Atlantic Margin. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 241-279<\/p><p>Zasadni, J., K\u0142apyta, P. 2014: The Tatra Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum, Journal of Maps, 10 (3), 440-456<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Version 1.0.1 Files Last Glacial Maximum version 1.0.1 Citation Please cite this map as &#8222;compiled by ZBSA after Bouncristiani \/Campy 2004; Calvet et al. 2011; Caulle et al. 2013; Clark et al. 2004; Gibbard\/Clark 2011; Gobejishvili et al. 2011; Harff et al. 2017; Hughes et al. 2016; Lambeck\/Purcell 2005; Larsen et al. 2013; Lericolais 2017; Matoshko 2011; Rinterknecht et al. 2018; Seguinot et al. 2018; Sejrup et al. 2016; Urdea et al. 2011; Westley\/Edwards 2017; Zasadni\/K\u0142apyta 2014&#8220; For full references see below. Timeslice The map is approximately representing the timeslice: chronological frame timeslice Greenlandic isotope chronology GS-3 years calibrated BC 25500\u201317500 year calibrated BP 26500\u201319500 14C years BP 22000\u201316190 \u00a0 Release notes This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/ Content The archive contains different files. A processed high resolution Geotiff in UTM 33N (1200 dpi), a processed JPG in UTM 33N (300 dpi), the raw Geotiff in WGS84, the used Source SHP File with their secondary files, the \u201csources map\u201d PDF and the release notes PDF. The processed UTM 33N Geotiff and JPG are designed for simple and direct usage, while the raw WGS84 Geotiff is for work in different map projections. The original SHP-Files are for work with alternative colour ramps or detailed insight on the used sources and specific reasons for interpolation. Basic Information This is map version 1.0. The map extent is defined from 12\u00b0W to 44\u00b0E and 43\u00b0N to 72\u00b0N. All Data were digitalised from different sources (See sources map) which are listed further down on this site. The modern coastline is derived from Natural Earth (https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com), large lakes were added from the \u201cWISE Large rivers and large lakes\u201d dataset provided by the European Environment Agency (https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/wise-large-rivers-and-large-lakes). Finally, the shaded elevation is calculated on the \u201cGEBCO One Minute Grid\u201d from the \u201cGEBCO Gridded bathymetric Data\u201d (https:\/\/www.gebco.net\/). The maps were produced with QGIS 3. Source notes Reconstructed Landmasses from Harff et al. 2017 north of the BIIS\/FIS was removed. Sea level for the Black Sea was set to -120 m a.s.l. based on sea level curve from Lericolais 2017 Minor adjustments were made to smoothen the coastline Version history 09-08-2019 release of version 1.0.1 13-06-2019 1st release of the map Changes to previous version Corrected spelling (\u201cice sheet\u201d instead of \u201cice shield\u201d) in release notes and shape files References Bouncristiani, J.-F., Campy, M. 2004: Palaeogeography of the last two glacial episodes in the Massif Central, France. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology: Elsevier, 111-112 Calvet, M., Delmas, M., Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R., Bourl\u00e8s, D. 2011: Recent Advances in Research on Quaternary Glaciations in the Pyrenees. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 127-139 Caulle, C., Penaud, A., Eynaud, F., Zaragosi, S., Roche, D. M., Michel, E., Boulay, S., Richter, T. 2013: Sea-surface hydrographical conditions off South Faeroes and within the North-Eastern North Atlantic through MIS 2: the response of dinocysts. Journal of Quaternary Science 28(3), 217-228 Clark, C. D., Evans, D. J. A., Khatwa, A., Bradwell, T., Jordan, C. J., Marsh, S. H., Mitchell, W. A., Bateman, M. D. 2004: Map and GIS database of glacial landforms and features related to the last British Ice Sheet. Boreas, 33(4), 359-375 Gibbard, P. L., Clark, C. D. 2011: Pleistocene Glaciation Limits in Great Britain. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 75-93 Gobejishvili, R., Lomidze, N., Tielidze, L. 2011: Late Pleistocene (W\u00fcrmian) Glaciations of the Caucasus. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 141-147 Harff, J., Flemming, N. C., Groh, A., H\u00fcnicke, B., Lericolais, G., Meschede, M., Rosentau, A., Sakellariou, D., U\u015bcinowicz, S., Zhang, W. and Zorita, E. 2017: Sea Level and Climate. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 11-49 Hughes, A. L. C., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, \u00d8. S., Mangerud, J., Svendsen, J. I. 2016: The last Eurasian ice sheets \u2013 a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas, 45, 1-45 Lambeck, K., Purcell, A. 2005: Sea-level change in the Mediterranean Sea since the LGM: model predictions for tectonically stable areas, Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1969-1988 Larsen, E., Fredin, O., Jensen, M., Kuznetsov, D., Lys\u00e5, Subetto, D. 2013: Subglacial sediment, proglacial lake-level and topographic controls on ice extent and lobe geometries during the Last Glacial Maximum in NW Russia. Quaternary Science Reviews 92, 369-384 Lericolais, G. 2017: Late Pleistocene Environmental Factors defining the Black Sea, and Submerged Landscapes on the Western Continental Shelf. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 479-495 Matoshko, A. V. 2011: Limits of the Pleistocene Glaciations in the Ukraine: A Closer Look. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 405-418 Rinterknecht, V., Hang, T., Gorlach, A., Kohv, M., Kalla, K., Kalm, V., Subetto, D., Bourl\u00e8s, D., L\u00e9anni, L., Guillou, V., ASTER Team 2018: The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be, Quaternary Science Reviews, 200, 106-113 Seguinot, J., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jouvet, G., Huss, M., Funk, M., Preusser, F., 2018: Modelling last glacial cycle ice dynamics in the Alps. The Cryosphere, 12, 3265-3285 Sejrup, H. P., Clark, C. D., Hjelstuen B. O. 2016: Rapid ice sheet retreat triggered by ice stream debuttressing: Evidence from the North Sea. Geology, 44 (5), 355-358 Ureda, P., Onaca, A., Ardelean, F., Ardelean, M. 2011: New Evidence on the Quaternary Glaciation in the Romanian Carpathians. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 305-322 Westley, K., Edwards, R. 2017: Irish Sea and Atlantic Margin. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 241-279 Zasadni, J., K\u0142apyta, P. 2014: The Tatra Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum, Journal of Maps, 10 (3), 440-456<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[80],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-epha"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Last Glacial Maximum - Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie (ZBSA) \u2014 Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/last-glacial-maximum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Last Glacial Maximum - Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie (ZBSA) \u2014 Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Version 1.0.1 Files Last Glacial Maximum version 1.0.1 Citation Please cite this map as &#8222;compiled by ZBSA after Bouncristiani \/Campy 2004; Calvet et al. 2011; Caulle et al. 2013; Clark et al. 2004; Gibbard\/Clark 2011; Gobejishvili et al. 2011; Harff et al. 2017; Hughes et al. 2016; Lambeck\/Purcell 2005; Larsen et al. 2013; Lericolais 2017; Matoshko 2011; Rinterknecht et al. 2018; Seguinot et al. 2018; Sejrup et al. 2016; Urdea et al. 2011; Westley\/Edwards 2017; Zasadni\/K\u0142apyta 2014&#8220; For full references see below. Timeslice The map is approximately representing the timeslice: chronological frame timeslice Greenlandic isotope chronology GS-3 years calibrated BC 25500\u201317500 year calibrated BP 26500\u201319500 14C years BP 22000\u201316190 \u00a0 Release notes This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/ Content The archive contains different files. A processed high resolution Geotiff in UTM 33N (1200 dpi), a processed JPG in UTM 33N (300 dpi), the raw Geotiff in WGS84, the used Source SHP File with their secondary files, the \u201csources map\u201d PDF and the release notes PDF. The processed UTM 33N Geotiff and JPG are designed for simple and direct usage, while the raw WGS84 Geotiff is for work in different map projections. The original SHP-Files are for work with alternative colour ramps or detailed insight on the used sources and specific reasons for interpolation. Basic Information This is map version 1.0. The map extent is defined from 12\u00b0W to 44\u00b0E and 43\u00b0N to 72\u00b0N. All Data were digitalised from different sources (See sources map) which are listed further down on this site. The modern coastline is derived from Natural Earth (https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com), large lakes were added from the \u201cWISE Large rivers and large lakes\u201d dataset provided by the European Environment Agency (https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/wise-large-rivers-and-large-lakes). Finally, the shaded elevation is calculated on the \u201cGEBCO One Minute Grid\u201d from the \u201cGEBCO Gridded bathymetric Data\u201d (https:\/\/www.gebco.net\/). The maps were produced with QGIS 3. Source notes Reconstructed Landmasses from Harff et al. 2017 north of the BIIS\/FIS was removed. Sea level for the Black Sea was set to -120 m a.s.l. based on sea level curve from Lericolais 2017 Minor adjustments were made to smoothen the coastline Version history 09-08-2019 release of version 1.0.1 13-06-2019 1st release of the map Changes to previous version Corrected spelling (\u201cice sheet\u201d instead of \u201cice shield\u201d) in release notes and shape files References Bouncristiani, J.-F., Campy, M. 2004: Palaeogeography of the last two glacial episodes in the Massif Central, France. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology: Elsevier, 111-112 Calvet, M., Delmas, M., Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R., Bourl\u00e8s, D. 2011: Recent Advances in Research on Quaternary Glaciations in the Pyrenees. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 127-139 Caulle, C., Penaud, A., Eynaud, F., Zaragosi, S., Roche, D. M., Michel, E., Boulay, S., Richter, T. 2013: Sea-surface hydrographical conditions off South Faeroes and within the North-Eastern North Atlantic through MIS 2: the response of dinocysts. Journal of Quaternary Science 28(3), 217-228 Clark, C. D., Evans, D. J. A., Khatwa, A., Bradwell, T., Jordan, C. J., Marsh, S. H., Mitchell, W. A., Bateman, M. D. 2004: Map and GIS database of glacial landforms and features related to the last British Ice Sheet. Boreas, 33(4), 359-375 Gibbard, P. L., Clark, C. D. 2011: Pleistocene Glaciation Limits in Great Britain. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 75-93 Gobejishvili, R., Lomidze, N., Tielidze, L. 2011: Late Pleistocene (W\u00fcrmian) Glaciations of the Caucasus. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 141-147 Harff, J., Flemming, N. C., Groh, A., H\u00fcnicke, B., Lericolais, G., Meschede, M., Rosentau, A., Sakellariou, D., U\u015bcinowicz, S., Zhang, W. and Zorita, E. 2017: Sea Level and Climate. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 11-49 Hughes, A. L. C., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, \u00d8. S., Mangerud, J., Svendsen, J. I. 2016: The last Eurasian ice sheets \u2013 a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas, 45, 1-45 Lambeck, K., Purcell, A. 2005: Sea-level change in the Mediterranean Sea since the LGM: model predictions for tectonically stable areas, Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1969-1988 Larsen, E., Fredin, O., Jensen, M., Kuznetsov, D., Lys\u00e5, Subetto, D. 2013: Subglacial sediment, proglacial lake-level and topographic controls on ice extent and lobe geometries during the Last Glacial Maximum in NW Russia. Quaternary Science Reviews 92, 369-384 Lericolais, G. 2017: Late Pleistocene Environmental Factors defining the Black Sea, and Submerged Landscapes on the Western Continental Shelf. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 479-495 Matoshko, A. V. 2011: Limits of the Pleistocene Glaciations in the Ukraine: A Closer Look. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 405-418 Rinterknecht, V., Hang, T., Gorlach, A., Kohv, M., Kalla, K., Kalm, V., Subetto, D., Bourl\u00e8s, D., L\u00e9anni, L., Guillou, V., ASTER Team 2018: The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be, Quaternary Science Reviews, 200, 106-113 Seguinot, J., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jouvet, G., Huss, M., Funk, M., Preusser, F., 2018: Modelling last glacial cycle ice dynamics in the Alps. The Cryosphere, 12, 3265-3285 Sejrup, H. P., Clark, C. D., Hjelstuen B. O. 2016: Rapid ice sheet retreat triggered by ice stream debuttressing: Evidence from the North Sea. Geology, 44 (5), 355-358 Ureda, P., Onaca, A., Ardelean, F., Ardelean, M. 2011: New Evidence on the Quaternary Glaciation in the Romanian Carpathians. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 305-322 Westley, K., Edwards, R. 2017: Irish Sea and Atlantic Margin. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 241-279 Zasadni, J., K\u0142apyta, P. 2014: The Tatra Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum, Journal of Maps, 10 (3), 440-456\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/last-glacial-maximum\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie (ZBSA) \u2014 Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-07T09:43:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-04-15T06:32:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1024x711.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Matthias Bolte\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Matthias Bolte\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/last-glacial-maximum\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/last-glacial-maximum\/\",\"name\":\"Last Glacial Maximum - Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie (ZBSA) \u2014 Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/last-glacial-maximum\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/last-glacial-maximum\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1024x711.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-07T09:43:20+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-04-15T06:32:33+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/b980623b66a6ffb097697286521920c5\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/last-glacial-maximum\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/last-glacial-maximum\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/last-glacial-maximum\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1024x711.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1024x711.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/last-glacial-maximum\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Open Access\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/category\/open_access\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"EPHA\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/category\/open_access\/epha\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Last Glacial Maximum\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/\",\"name\":\"Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie (ZBSA) \u2014 Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/b980623b66a6ffb097697286521920c5\",\"name\":\"Matthias Bolte\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1f3bc1bfe4b641855cb944e558d4f3de1b57120f6dfe8f4368ebfe0384a5acab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1f3bc1bfe4b641855cb944e558d4f3de1b57120f6dfe8f4368ebfe0384a5acab?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Matthias Bolte\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/author\/matthias-bolte\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Last Glacial Maximum - Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie (ZBSA) \u2014 Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/last-glacial-maximum\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Last Glacial Maximum - Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie (ZBSA) \u2014 Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie","og_description":"Version 1.0.1 Files Last Glacial Maximum version 1.0.1 Citation Please cite this map as &#8222;compiled by ZBSA after Bouncristiani \/Campy 2004; Calvet et al. 2011; Caulle et al. 2013; Clark et al. 2004; Gibbard\/Clark 2011; Gobejishvili et al. 2011; Harff et al. 2017; Hughes et al. 2016; Lambeck\/Purcell 2005; Larsen et al. 2013; Lericolais 2017; Matoshko 2011; Rinterknecht et al. 2018; Seguinot et al. 2018; Sejrup et al. 2016; Urdea et al. 2011; Westley\/Edwards 2017; Zasadni\/K\u0142apyta 2014&#8220; For full references see below. Timeslice The map is approximately representing the timeslice: chronological frame timeslice Greenlandic isotope chronology GS-3 years calibrated BC 25500\u201317500 year calibrated BP 26500\u201319500 14C years BP 22000\u201316190 \u00a0 Release notes This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/ Content The archive contains different files. A processed high resolution Geotiff in UTM 33N (1200 dpi), a processed JPG in UTM 33N (300 dpi), the raw Geotiff in WGS84, the used Source SHP File with their secondary files, the \u201csources map\u201d PDF and the release notes PDF. The processed UTM 33N Geotiff and JPG are designed for simple and direct usage, while the raw WGS84 Geotiff is for work in different map projections. The original SHP-Files are for work with alternative colour ramps or detailed insight on the used sources and specific reasons for interpolation. Basic Information This is map version 1.0. The map extent is defined from 12\u00b0W to 44\u00b0E and 43\u00b0N to 72\u00b0N. All Data were digitalised from different sources (See sources map) which are listed further down on this site. The modern coastline is derived from Natural Earth (https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com), large lakes were added from the \u201cWISE Large rivers and large lakes\u201d dataset provided by the European Environment Agency (https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/wise-large-rivers-and-large-lakes). Finally, the shaded elevation is calculated on the \u201cGEBCO One Minute Grid\u201d from the \u201cGEBCO Gridded bathymetric Data\u201d (https:\/\/www.gebco.net\/). The maps were produced with QGIS 3. Source notes Reconstructed Landmasses from Harff et al. 2017 north of the BIIS\/FIS was removed. Sea level for the Black Sea was set to -120 m a.s.l. based on sea level curve from Lericolais 2017 Minor adjustments were made to smoothen the coastline Version history 09-08-2019 release of version 1.0.1 13-06-2019 1st release of the map Changes to previous version Corrected spelling (\u201cice sheet\u201d instead of \u201cice shield\u201d) in release notes and shape files References Bouncristiani, J.-F., Campy, M. 2004: Palaeogeography of the last two glacial episodes in the Massif Central, France. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology: Elsevier, 111-112 Calvet, M., Delmas, M., Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R., Bourl\u00e8s, D. 2011: Recent Advances in Research on Quaternary Glaciations in the Pyrenees. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 127-139 Caulle, C., Penaud, A., Eynaud, F., Zaragosi, S., Roche, D. M., Michel, E., Boulay, S., Richter, T. 2013: Sea-surface hydrographical conditions off South Faeroes and within the North-Eastern North Atlantic through MIS 2: the response of dinocysts. Journal of Quaternary Science 28(3), 217-228 Clark, C. D., Evans, D. J. A., Khatwa, A., Bradwell, T., Jordan, C. J., Marsh, S. H., Mitchell, W. A., Bateman, M. D. 2004: Map and GIS database of glacial landforms and features related to the last British Ice Sheet. Boreas, 33(4), 359-375 Gibbard, P. L., Clark, C. D. 2011: Pleistocene Glaciation Limits in Great Britain. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 75-93 Gobejishvili, R., Lomidze, N., Tielidze, L. 2011: Late Pleistocene (W\u00fcrmian) Glaciations of the Caucasus. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 141-147 Harff, J., Flemming, N. C., Groh, A., H\u00fcnicke, B., Lericolais, G., Meschede, M., Rosentau, A., Sakellariou, D., U\u015bcinowicz, S., Zhang, W. and Zorita, E. 2017: Sea Level and Climate. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 11-49 Hughes, A. L. C., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, \u00d8. S., Mangerud, J., Svendsen, J. I. 2016: The last Eurasian ice sheets \u2013 a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas, 45, 1-45 Lambeck, K., Purcell, A. 2005: Sea-level change in the Mediterranean Sea since the LGM: model predictions for tectonically stable areas, Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1969-1988 Larsen, E., Fredin, O., Jensen, M., Kuznetsov, D., Lys\u00e5, Subetto, D. 2013: Subglacial sediment, proglacial lake-level and topographic controls on ice extent and lobe geometries during the Last Glacial Maximum in NW Russia. Quaternary Science Reviews 92, 369-384 Lericolais, G. 2017: Late Pleistocene Environmental Factors defining the Black Sea, and Submerged Landscapes on the Western Continental Shelf. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 479-495 Matoshko, A. V. 2011: Limits of the Pleistocene Glaciations in the Ukraine: A Closer Look. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 405-418 Rinterknecht, V., Hang, T., Gorlach, A., Kohv, M., Kalla, K., Kalm, V., Subetto, D., Bourl\u00e8s, D., L\u00e9anni, L., Guillou, V., ASTER Team 2018: The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be, Quaternary Science Reviews, 200, 106-113 Seguinot, J., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jouvet, G., Huss, M., Funk, M., Preusser, F., 2018: Modelling last glacial cycle ice dynamics in the Alps. The Cryosphere, 12, 3265-3285 Sejrup, H. P., Clark, C. D., Hjelstuen B. O. 2016: Rapid ice sheet retreat triggered by ice stream debuttressing: Evidence from the North Sea. Geology, 44 (5), 355-358 Ureda, P., Onaca, A., Ardelean, F., Ardelean, M. 2011: New Evidence on the Quaternary Glaciation in the Romanian Carpathians. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 305-322 Westley, K., Edwards, R. 2017: Irish Sea and Atlantic Margin. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 241-279 Zasadni, J., K\u0142apyta, P. 2014: The Tatra Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum, Journal of Maps, 10 (3), 440-456","og_url":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/last-glacial-maximum\/","og_site_name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie (ZBSA) \u2014 Zentrum f\u00fcr Baltische und Skandinavische Arch\u00e4ologie","article_published_time":"2021-04-07T09:43:20+00:00","article_modified_time":"2021-04-15T06:32:33+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1024x711.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"Matthias Bolte","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Matthias Bolte","Estimated reading time":"5 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Bolte","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1f3bc1bfe4b641855cb944e558d4f3de1b57120f6dfe8f4368ebfe0384a5acab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/1f3bc1bfe4b641855cb944e558d4f3de1b57120f6dfe8f4368ebfe0384a5acab?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Matthias Bolte"},"url":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/author\/matthias-bolte\/"}]}},"featured_image_src":" ","featured_image_src_square":" ","author_info":{"display_name":"Matthias Bolte","author_link":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/author\/matthias-bolte\/"},"category_info":"<a href=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/category\/open_access\/epha\/\" rel=\"category tag\">EPHA<\/a>","tags_info":"","social_share_info":"<a data-share=\"facebook\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/last-glacial-maximum\/\" class=\"pl-facebook-share social-share-default pl-social-share\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fab fa-facebook-f\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><a data-share=\"twitter\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?url=https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/last-glacial-maximum\/\" class=\"pl-twiiter-share social-share-default pl-social-share\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fab fa-twitter\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a><a data-share=\"linkedin\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/shareArticle?url=https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/last-glacial-maximum\/\" class=\"pl-linkedin-share social-share-default pl-social-share\" target=\"_blank\"><i class=\"fab fa-linkedin-in\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a>","wordExcerpt_info":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Map Last Glacial Maximum\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Map Last Glacial Maximum\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"960\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_utm_v10x-1024x711.jpg\" alt=\"Map Last Glacial Maximum\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Sources Last Glacial Maximum\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Sources Last Glacial Maximum\"><br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"960\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/epha_lgm_v10x_sources_map-1024x724.jpg\" alt=\"Sources Last Glacial Maximum\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Version 1.0.1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">Files<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPHA_LGM_v101.zip\">Last Glacial Maximum version 1.0.1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">Citation<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Please cite this map as &#8222;compiled by ZBSA after Bouncristiani \/Campy 2004; Calvet et al. 2011; Caulle et al. 2013; Clark et al. 2004; Gibbard\/Clark 2011; Gobejishvili et al. 2011; Harff et al. 2017; Hughes et al. 2016; Lambeck\/Purcell 2005; Larsen et al. 2013; Lericolais 2017; Matoshko 2011; Rinterknecht et al. 2018; Seguinot et al. 2018; Sejrup et al. 2016; Urdea et al. 2011; Westley\/Edwards 2017; Zasadni\/K\u0142apyta 2014&#8220;<\/p>\n<p>For full references see below.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">Timeslice<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The map is approximately representing the timeslice:<\/p>\n<figure id=\"block-c5a791c7-6678-425e-b68a-029cde18cb41\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"Block: Tabelle\" data-block=\"c5a791c7-6678-425e-b68a-029cde18cb41\" data-type=\"core\/table\" data-title=\"Tabelle\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\"><strong>chronological frame<\/strong><\/td>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\"><strong>timeslice<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">Greenlandic isotope chronology<\/td>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">GS-3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">years calibrated BC<\/td>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">25500\u201317500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">year calibrated BP<\/td>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">26500\u201319500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\"><sup>14<\/sup>C years BP<\/td>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">22000\u201316190<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<tfoot><\/tfoot>\n<\/table><figcaption role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Tabellen-Beschriftungs-Text\"><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<br \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">Release notes<\/a><\/p>\n<p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/zbsa-300x106.png\" alt=\"CCBY \" width=\"200\" height=\"71\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">Content<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The archive contains different files. A processed high resolution Geotiff in UTM 33N (1200 dpi), a processed JPG in UTM 33N (300 dpi), the raw Geotiff in WGS84, the used Source SHP File with their secondary files, the \u201csources map\u201d PDF and the release notes PDF.<\/p>\n<p>The processed UTM 33N Geotiff and JPG are designed for simple and direct usage, while the raw WGS84 Geotiff is for work in different map projections. The original SHP-Files are for work with alternative colour ramps or detailed insight on the used sources and specific reasons for interpolation.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">Basic Information<\/a><\/p>\n<p>This is map version 1.0. The map extent is defined from 12\u00b0W to 44\u00b0E and 43\u00b0N to 72\u00b0N. All Data were digitalised from different sources (See sources map) which are listed further down on this site.<\/p>\n<p>The modern coastline is derived from Natural Earth (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com<\/a>), large lakes were added from the \u201cWISE Large rivers and large lakes\u201d dataset provided by the European Environment Agency (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/wise-large-rivers-and-large-lakes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/data\/wise-large-rivers-and-large-lakes<\/a>). Finally, the shaded elevation is calculated on the \u201cGEBCO One Minute Grid\u201d from the \u201cGEBCO Gridded bathymetric Data\u201d (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gebco.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.gebco.net\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The maps were produced with QGIS 3.<\/p>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">Source notes<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reconstructed Landmasses from Harff et al. 2017 north of the BIIS\/FIS was removed.<\/li>\n<li>Sea level for the Black Sea was set to -120 m a.s.l. based on sea level curve from Lericolais 2017<\/li>\n<li>Minor adjustments were made to smoothen the coastline<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">Version history<\/a><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">09-08-2019<\/td>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">release of version 1.0.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">13-06-2019<\/td>\n<td role=\"textbox\" aria-label=\"Text der Body-Zelle\">1st release of the map<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<tfoot><\/tfoot>\n<\/table>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">Changes to previous version<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Corrected spelling (\u201cice sheet\u201d instead of \u201cice shield\u201d) in release notes and shape files<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"\">References<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Bouncristiani, J.-F., Campy, M. 2004: Palaeogeography of the last two glacial episodes in the Massif Central, France. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology: Elsevier, 111-112<\/p>\n<p>Calvet, M., Delmas, M., Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R., Bourl\u00e8s, D. 2011: Recent Advances in Research on Quaternary Glaciations in the Pyrenees. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 127-139<\/p>\n<p>Caulle, C., Penaud, A., Eynaud, F., Zaragosi, S., Roche, D. M., Michel, E., Boulay, S., Richter, T. 2013: Sea-surface hydrographical conditions off South Faeroes and within the North-Eastern North Atlantic through MIS 2: the response of dinocysts. Journal of Quaternary Science 28(3), 217-228<\/p>\n<p>Clark, C. D., Evans, D. J. A., Khatwa, A., Bradwell, T., Jordan, C. J., Marsh, S. H., Mitchell, W. A., Bateman, M. D. 2004: Map and GIS database of glacial landforms and features related to the last British Ice Sheet. Boreas, 33(4), 359-375<\/p>\n<p>Gibbard, P. L., Clark, C. D. 2011: Pleistocene Glaciation Limits in Great Britain. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 75-93<\/p>\n<p>Gobejishvili, R., Lomidze, N., Tielidze, L. 2011: Late Pleistocene (W\u00fcrmian) Glaciations of the Caucasus. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 141-147<\/p>\n<p>Harff, J., Flemming, N. C., Groh, A., H\u00fcnicke, B., Lericolais, G., Meschede, M., Rosentau, A., Sakellariou, D., U\u015bcinowicz, S., Zhang, W. and Zorita, E. 2017: Sea Level and Climate. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 11-49<\/p>\n<p>Hughes, A. L. C., Gyllencreutz, R., Lohne, \u00d8. S., Mangerud, J., Svendsen, J. I. 2016: The last Eurasian ice sheets \u2013 a chronological database and time-slice reconstruction, DATED-1. Boreas, 45, 1-45<\/p>\n<p>Lambeck, K., Purcell, A. 2005: Sea-level change in the Mediterranean Sea since the LGM: model predictions for tectonically stable areas, Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1969-1988<\/p>\n<p>Larsen, E., Fredin, O., Jensen, M., Kuznetsov, D., Lys\u00e5, Subetto, D. 2013: Subglacial sediment, proglacial lake-level and topographic controls on ice extent and lobe geometries during the Last Glacial Maximum in NW Russia. Quaternary Science Reviews 92, 369-384<\/p>\n<p>Lericolais, G. 2017: Late Pleistocene Environmental Factors defining the Black Sea, and Submerged Landscapes on the Western Continental Shelf. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 479-495<\/p>\n<p>Matoshko, A. V. 2011: Limits of the Pleistocene Glaciations in the Ukraine: A Closer Look. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 405-418<\/p>\n<p>Rinterknecht, V., Hang, T., Gorlach, A., Kohv, M., Kalla, K., Kalm, V., Subetto, D., Bourl\u00e8s, D., L\u00e9anni, L., Guillou, V., ASTER Team 2018: The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be, Quaternary Science Reviews, 200, 106-113<\/p>\n<p>Seguinot, J., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jouvet, G., Huss, M., Funk, M., Preusser, F., 2018: Modelling last glacial cycle ice dynamics in the Alps. The Cryosphere, 12, 3265-3285<\/p>\n<p>Sejrup, H. P., Clark, C. D., Hjelstuen B. O. 2016: Rapid ice sheet retreat triggered by ice stream debuttressing: Evidence from the North Sea. Geology, 44 (5), 355-358<\/p>\n<p>Ureda, P., Onaca, A., Ardelean, F., Ardelean, M. 2011: New Evidence on the Quaternary Glaciation in the Romanian Carpathians. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.), Quaternary Glaciations \u2013 Extend and Chronology, A Closer Look: Elsevier, 305-322<\/p>\n<p>Westley, K., Edwards, R. 2017: Irish Sea and Atlantic Margin. In: Flemming, N. C., Harff, J., Moura, D., Burgess, A. and Bailey, G. N. (Eds.), Submerged Landscapes of the European Continental Shelf: Wiley &amp; Sons, 241-279<\/p>\n<p>Zasadni, J., K\u0142apyta, P. 2014: The Tatra Mountains during the Last Glacial Maximum, Journal of Maps, 10 (3), 440-456<\/p>\n","comment_info":"No Comments","acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5268"}],"version-history":[{"count":72,"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5268\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5826,"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5268\/revisions\/5826"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5268"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5268"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zbsa.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}